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Formal and material principles of theology
Formal principle and material principle are two categories in Christian theology to identify and distinguish the authoritative source of theology (formal principle) from the theology itself, especially the central doctrine of that theology (material principle), of a religion, religious movement, tradition, body, denomination, or organization. A formal principle tends to be texts or revered leaders of the religion, while a material principle is its central teaching. Paul Tillich believed the identification and application of this pair of categories in theological thinking to have originated in the 19th century.〔Paul Tillich, ''A History of Christian Thought from Its Judaic and Hellenistic Origins to Existentialism'', Carl E Braaten, ed., (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1967), 280〕 As early as 1845 the Protestant theologian and historian Philip Schaff discussed them in his ''The Principle of Protestantism''.〔Philip Schaff, ''The Principle of Protestantism as Related to the Present State of the Church'', John W Nevin, trans., (Chambersburg, PA: Publication Office of the German Reformed Church, 1845), 54–94.〕 They were utilized by the Lutheran scholar F. E. Mayer in his ''The Religious Bodies of America'' in order to facilitate a comparative study of the faith and practice of Christian denominations in the United States.〔FE Mayer, ''The Religious Bodies of America'', 4th ed, (Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing 1961), ''passim''.〕 This is also treated in a theological pamphlet entitled ''Gospel and Scripture'' by the Commission on Theology and Church Relations of the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod.〔( ''Gospel and Scripture'' )〕
==FE Mayer's findings==
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